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Underwater Physiology Symposium Finding Aid The first Underwater Physiology Symposium was hosted in 1955. To date there have been ten meetings discussing many areas of hyperbaric physiology, hyperbaric medicine, breathing apparatus use and design as well as many other topics related to living and working under the sea. This is a very unique collection of work and our goal in making this finding aid available is to allow researchers access to work that may not have been published through the traditional peer reviewed journal process. A disk containing each of these papers is available through the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society here. Use the find function in your web browser to search this page. Underwater Physiology Symposium I Underwater Physiology Symposium II Underwater Physiology Symposium III Underwater Physiology Symposium IV Underwater Physiology Symposium V Underwater Physiology Symposium VI Underwater Physiology Symposium VII Underwater Physiology Symposium VIII Underwater Physiology Symposium IX Underwater Physiology Symposium X Underwater Physiology Symposium IGoff, LG (Ed.) Proceedings of the underwater physiology symposium. January 10-11, 1955. Washington, D. C.Prepared for the Office of Naval Research Washington. D. C. by the Panel on Underwater Swimmers Committee on Undersea Warfare Publication 377. National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. Washington, D. C. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 55-60036 ABSTRACT These proceedings represent a compilation of those papers presented at a Symposium on Underwater Physiology, January 10-11, 1955, sponsored by the Office of Naval Research aDd the Panel on Underwater Swimmers of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Committee on Undersea Warfare. The range of interests covered includes oxygen toxicity, decompression and bends, and respiratory problems, with specialemphasis on their implications in underwater swimming. Some of the earlier work in these areas of interest has been re-examined in the light of current problems. General Welcome - C. J. Lambertsen Outline of Major Problems of Underwater Swimming and Self-Contained Diving - O. D. Yarbrough SEMINAR ON OXYGEN TOXICITY Introduction to Seminar on Oxygen Toxicity - C. J. Lambertsen Effect of High Oxygen Tensions Upon Enzymes - N. Haugaard Hormonal Aspects of Oxygen Toxicity - J. W. Bean Neurophysiological Effects of Oxygen at High Partial Pressure - S. N. Stein Respiratory and Circulatory Actions of High Oxygen Pressure - C. J. Lambertsen Panel-Floor Discussion of Oxygen Toxicity SEMINAR ON DECOMPRESSION AND BENDS Outline of Problems of Decompression and Bends - A. R. Behnke Bubble Formation - E. N. Harvey Oxygen Decompression - A. R. Behnke Use of Nitrogen-Oxygen Mixtures in Diving - E. H. Lanphier Some Theoretical Aspects of the Use of Multiple-Gas Mixtures for Deep-Sea Diving - A. P. Webster Panel-Floor Discussion of Decompression and Bends RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS IN DIVING Introduction to Respiratory Problems in Diving - H. Rahn Breath Holding - A. B. DuBois The Respiratory Dead Space - J. R. Pappenheimer Resistance to Breathing at Increased Ambient Pressures - J. Mead Inert Gas Narcosis - F. G. Carpenter The Role of Carbon Dioxide in the Physiology of Human Diving - K. E. Schaefer Underwater Physiology Symposium IILambertsen, CJ; L. J. Greenbaum Jr, LJ. (Ed). Proceedings of the second underwater physiology symposium. February 25-26, 1963 Washington, D. C.Prepared for the Office of Naval Research Washington, D. C. by the Mine Advisory Committee National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Publication 1181 National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Washington, D. C. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-65470 ABSTRACT These proceedings represent a compilation of those papers presented at the Second Symposium on Underwater Physiology, February 25-26, 1963, sponsored by the Office of Naval Research and the Mine Advisory Committee of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. The range of interests covered includes oxygen toxicity, decompression and bends, and respiratory problems, with special emphasis on their implications in underwater swimming. Some of the earlier work in these areas of interest has been re-examined in the light of current problems. This symposium continues and complements the discussions presented in the Proceedings of the First Symposium on Underwater Physiology, National Academy of Sciences National Research Council Publication No. 377, 1955. INTRODUCTION Present Status of Underwater Physiology - C. J. Lambertsen EXTENSION OF DIVING DEPTH AND DURATION Tissue Inert Gas Exchange and Decompression Sickness - H. V. Hempleman Studies of Decompression - F. Besse Studies of Decompression and Inert Gas-Oxygen Mixtures in the U. S. Navy - R. D. Workman Prolonged Exposure to High Ambient Pressure - G. F. Bond Panel-Floor Discussion of Extension of Diving Depth and Duration PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF BENDS Blood Coagulation and Chemistry during Experimental Dives and the Treatment of Diving Accidents with Heparin - L. Barthelemy Comments on Therapeutic Recompression - D. E. Mackay Experience with Moderate Hypothermia in the Treatment of Nervous System Symptoms of Decompression Sickness - A. Erde An Analytical Development of a Decompression Computer - A. F. Wittenborn Panel-Floor Discussion of Prevention and Treatment of Bends RESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF INCREASED PRESSURE Respiratory Resistance with Hyperbaric Gas Mixtures - A. A. Buhlmann Ventilatory Dynamics under Hyperbaric States - W. B. Wood Influence of Increased Ambient Pressure upon Alveolar Ventilation - E. H. Lanphier Panel-Floor Discussion of Respiratory Effects of Increased Pressure EFFECTS OF OXYGEN IN DIVING Chemical Mechanisms in Oxygen Toxicity - J. J. Thomas, Jr. The Histochemical Effects of Oxygen at High Pressures - N. H. Becker and C. H. Sutton Breathing of Pressure-Oxygenated Liquids - J. H. Pegg, T. L. Horner and E.A. Wahrenbrock Physiological Effects of Oxygen - C. J. Lambertsen Panel-Floor Discussion of Effects of Oxygen in Diving INERT GAS NARCOSIS Measurement of Inert Gas Narcosis in Man - C. M. Hesser Neuropharmacologic and Neurophysiologic Changes in Inert Gas Narcosis - P.B. Bennett A Theory of Inert Gas Narcosis - S. Miller Panel-Floor Discussion of Inert Gas Narcosis OTHER DIVING STRESSES Thermal Protection During Immersion in Cold Water - E.L. Beckman Cardiovascular Performance Under Water - L.H. Peterson Effect of Prolonged Diving Training - K. E. Schaefer Panel-Floor Discussion of Other Diving Stresses Underwater Physiology Symposium IIILambertsen, C. J. (Ed). Proceedings of the third underwater physiology symposium. March 23-25, 1966 Washington, D. C.Prepared for the Office of Naval Research Washington, D. C. by the Undersea Warfare Committee National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council and the Office of Naval Research Washington, D. C. Contents Foreword - K. W. Hannah Preface - C. J. Lambertsen RECENT NAVAL EXPERIENCES IN EXTENDING USEFUL DIVING DEPTH Diving Research and International Naval Medicine - R. B. Brown Underwater Research Interests of the U. S. Navy - R. D. Workman Swedish Naval Interests in Diving Research - C. M. Hesser French Naval Activities in Diving Physiology - L. Barthelemy Underwater Medical Research Experiences of the British Navy - S. Miles Recent Underwater Physiological Experiences of the Japanese Navy - K. Uchida THE PROBLEM OF FIRE Fire at High Pressure. - J. V. Harter SATURATION DIVING Medical Problems of Multiday Saturation Diving in Open Water - G. F. Bond Confluence of Physiological Environmental and Engineering Factors in Prolongcd Diving at Extreme Depths - J. G. Dickson, Jr. and J. B. MacInnis Problems of Extreme Duration in Open Sea Saturation Exposure - C. F. Aquadro and J. Chouteau Decompression after Saturation Diving - R. C. Bornmann Psychophysiological Aspects of Deep Saturation Exposures in the Sea - J. W. Miller Limitations of Speech at High Pressures in a Helium Environment - W. Wathen-Dunn Temperature Problems in Multiday Exposures to High Pressures in the Sea. Thermal Balance in Hyperbaric Atmospheres - L. W. Raymond SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN THE ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS Special Problcms in the Etiology and Treatment of Decompression Sickness - A. R. Behnke The Treatment of Decompression Sickness Developing at Extreme Pressures - E. E. P. Barnard Minimal-Recompression, Oxygen-Breathing Method for the Therapy of Decompression Sickness - M. W. Goodman Relations between Bends Symptoms and Tissue Gas Saturation - C. E. G. Lundgren Factors in the Resolution of Tissue Gas Bubbles - H. D. Van Liew Dysbaric Cerebral Air Embolism - C. L. Waite, W. F. Mazzone, M. E. Greenwood, and R. T. Larsen Discussion POTENTIAL ADVANCES IN DEEP DIVING Basic Requirements for Improving Diving Depth and Decompression Tolerance - C. J. Lambertsen Excursion Diving from Saturation Exposures at Depth - R. T. Larsen and W. F. Mazzone Decompression Procedures for Deep, Open Sea Operations - H. V. Hempleman Use of Multiple Inert Gas Mixtures in Deep Diving - H. Keller Computation Methods for Decompression from Deep Dives - H. R. Schreiner and P. L. Kelley Computer Analogues for Decompression - R. A. Stubbs and D. J. Kidd Discussion LIMITATIONS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE AT EXTREME AMBIENT PRESSURES Performance Impairment in Deep Diving Due to Nitrogen, Helium, Neon and Oxygen - P. B. Bennett Advantages and Limitations of Liquid Breathing - J. A. Kylstra Metabolic, Respiratory and Hemodynamic Responses to Exercise at Increased Oxygen Pressure - J. V. Salzano, W. H. Bell, W. B. Weglicki, and H. A. Saltzman Physiological Responses at Rest and in Exercise During Saturation at 20 Atmospheres of He-O2 - R. W. Hamilton, Jr. Interactions of Factors Limiting Performance at High Pressures - E. H. Lanphier Discussion PHYSICAL AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS Possible Role of Hydrostatic Pressure in Diving - W. O. Fenn Influences of High Pressures of Inert Gases upon Cell Activity - G. F. Doebbler, J. H. Bruemmer, and H. R. Schreiner Decompression Sickness in Experimental Animals - R. B. Philp Decompression Experiments with Various Inert Gases - E. B. Smith Oxygen Toxicity at the Cellular Level: Studies with Cells in Tissue Culture - R. M. Rosenbaum and M. Wittner Pulmonary Oxygen Tolerance and the Rate of Development of Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity in Man at Two Atmospheres Inspired Oxygen Tension - J. M. Clark and C. J. Lambertsen Artificial Gills for Gas Exchange in Water - C. V. Paganelli, N. Bateman, and H. Rahn Discussion Summary - C. J. Lambertsen Open Sea Saturation Dives to Date Attendees Underwater Physiology Symposium IVLambertsen, C. J. (Ed). Proceedings of the fourth underwater physiology symposium. 1971 Washington, D. C.Sponsored by Institute for Environmental Medicine The University of Pennsylvania Medical Center Physiology Branch, The Office of Naval Research The Undersea Medical Society Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 72-137621 CONTENTS LIST OF AUTHORS AND PANELISTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Part I: OXYGEN. MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY The Scope of Chemical Oxygen Poisoning - Niels Haugaard Oxygen Toxicity in Neuronal Elements - J. D. Wood The Intracellular Oxidation-Reduction State at High and Low Oxygen Concentrations - Britton Chance Natural Resistance to Oxygen Poisoning - Brian G. D'Aoust Chemical Protection against Oxygen Toxicity - Aaron P. Sanders and William D. Currie Effects of Oxygen on Blood Formation and Destruction - Craig L. Fischer and Stephen L. Kimzey Discussion - R. E. Davies, CHAIRMAN Part II: OXYGEN EFFECTS ON CELLS AND SYSTEMS Effects of Oxygen upon Ophthalmic Structures - Charles W. Nichols and C. J. Lambertsen Acute Oxygen Toxicity in Working Man - J . Murray Young Discussion - K. E. A. Seemann, CHAIRMAN Part III: PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF PRESSURE AND GASES Hydrostatic Effects on Cellular Function - J. V. Landau Effects of Inert Gas Pressures on Protein Structure and Function - R. M. Featherstone, S. Hegeman, and W. Settle Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Mammals - M. J. Lever, K. W. Miller, W. D. M. Paton, W. B. Streett, and E. B. Smith Discussion - R. M. Featherstone, CHAIRMAN Part IV: FUNDAMENTALS OF INERT GAS EXCHANGE AND BUBBLE FORMATION Concepts of Inert Gas Exchange in Tissues during Decompression - B. A. Hills Decompression Characteristics of Inert Gases - M. J. Lever, W. D. M. Paton, and E. B. Smith Criteria for Bubble Growth - Ruport Hester Dissolved Gas Washout and Bubble Absorption in Routine Decompression - Hugh D. Van Liew Detection of Bubbles in Tissues and Blood - R. Stuart Mackay and George Rubissow Discussion R. E. Forster, CHAIRMAN Part V: FACTORS IN DECOMPRESSION. THE INERT GASES Comparative Approaches to Prophylactic Decompression - D. J. Kidd, R. A. Stubbs, and R. S. Weaver Calibration of Inert Gas Exchange in the Mouse - Edward T. Flynn, Jr. and C. J. Lambertsen Gas Nucleation Concept Applied to Decompression - G. Albano and M. Columba A Pragmatic View of Decompression - H. R. Schreiner and P. L. Kelley Decompression in Saturation Diving - A. A. Buhlmann Discussion H. V. Hempleman, CHAIRMAN Part VI: FACTORS IN DECOMPRESSION. THE CIRCULATION AND THE CIRCULATING BLOOD Blood Agglutination in Decompression Sickness - Edgar End Circulating Lipids and Inert Gas Exchange under Hyperbaric Conditions - Paul W. Lange, Alf Martinsson, and Hans O. E. Rockert Coexistence of Lipid and Gas Emboli in Experimental Decompression Sickness - A. T. K. Cockett, S. M. Pauley, J. C. Saunders, and F. M. Hirose Aseptic Bone Necrosis in Royal Navy Divers - D. H. Elliott and J. A. B. Harrison Discussion - R. D. Workman, CHAIRMAN Part VII: SENSES AND COMMUNICATION Vision and Visibility - Jo Ann S. Kinney and S. M. Luria Hearing Loss in Decompression - J. Donald Harris Vestibular Derangement in Decompression - Carl J. Rubenstein and James K. Summitt Speech Distortion at High Pressures - G. M. Fant, J. Lindqvist, B. Sonesson, and H. Hollien Discussion - J. K. Summitt, CHAIRMAN Part VIII: RESPIRATORY LIMITATIONS OF HIGH AMBIENT PRESSURES Mechanical Limitations of Exercise Ventilation at Increased Ambient Pressure - L. D. H. Wood and A. C. Bryan Ventilatory Limitations on Exertion at Depth - J. N. Miller, O. D. Wangensteen, and E. H. Lanphier Respiratory and Cardiac Responses to Exercise in Subjects Breathing Helium-Oxygen Mixtures at Pressures from Sea Level to 19.2 Atmospheres - M. E. Bradley, N. R. Anthonisen, J. Vorosmarti, and P. G. Linaweaver Mechanics of Breathing with Helium-Oxygen and Neon-Oxygen Mixtures in Deep Saturation Diving - N. R. Anthonisen, M. E. Bradley, J. Vorosmarti, and P. G. Linaweaver Arterial Blood Gases, Heart Rate, and Gas Exchange during Rest and Exercise in Men Saturated at a Simulated Seawater Depth of 1000 Feet - J. Salzano, E. M. Overfield, D. C. Rausch, H. A. Saltzman, J. A. Kylstra, J. S. Kelley, and J. K. Summitt Pulmonary Function and Respiratory Gas Exchange during Saturation-Excursion Diving to Pressures Equivalent to 1000 Feet of Seawater - K. E. Schaefer, C. R. Carey, and J. H. Dougherty, Jr. Discussion - C. J. Lambertsen, CHAIRMAN Part IX: CARBON DIOXIDE, EXERCISE, AND ACCLIMATIZATION TO HYPERCARBIA The Effects of Breathing a High Density Gas upon Carbon Dioxide Elimination - D. C. Parker and E. Nagel Respiratory Gas Exchange in Animals during Exposure to Extreme Ambient Pressures - J. Chouteau Rate of Acclimatization to Chronic Hypercapnia in Man - J. M. Clark, R. D. Sinclair, and B. E. Welch Comparison of Physiological Responses of Normal Man to Exercise in Air and in Acute and Chronic Hypercapnia - R. D. Sinclair, J. M. Clark, and B. E. Welch Discussion - K. E. Schaefer, CHAIRMAN Part X: TEMPERATURE BALANCE IN SHALLOW AND DEEP EXPOSURES Heat Exchange between Man and the Water Environment - A. B. Craig, Jr. Thermal Balance at Depth - J. S. P. Rawlins and J. F. Tauber Discussion - J. D. Hardy, CHAIRMAN Part XI: INFLUENCE OF INERT GASES AND PRESSURE UPON CENTRAL NERVOUS FUNCTIONS Quantitation of Performance Decrements in Narcotized Man - J. G. Dickson, Jr., C. J. Lambertsen, and J. G. Cassils Psychological, Physiological, and Biophysical Studies of Narcosis - P. B. Bennett Neuropsychological Effects of Exposure to Compressed Air - P. M. Criscuoli and G. Albano Human Performance at Great Depths - R. J. Biersner Experimental Studies on the High Pressure Hyperexcitability Syndrome in Various Mammalian Species - R. W. Brauer, R. O. Way, M. R. Jordan, and D. E. Parrish Electrical Activity in the Central Nervous System in Extreme Narcosis - P. V. Van Tassel, C. J. Knight, and C. J. Lambertsen Discussion - J. W. Miller, CHAIRMAN Part XII: UNDERSEA AND MANNED CHAMBER OPERATIONS Performance Aspects of an Open-Sea Saturation Exposure at 615 Feet - Joseph B. MacInnis 1000-Foot Helium Saturation Exposure - J. K. Summitt, J. S. Kelley, J. M. Herron, and H. A. Saltzman Helium-Oxygen Saturation-Excursion Diving for U.S. Navy - Robert C. Bornmann Saturation-Excursion Diving: Operation Ludion II - R. W. Hamilton, Jr. and X. R. Fructus Physiological Effects Observed in the Course of Simulated Deep Chamber Dives to a Maximum of 36.5 Atmospheres in a Helium-Oxygen Atmosphere - X. R. Fructus, R. W. Brauer, and R. Naquet Project Tektite: An Open-Sea Study of Prolonged Exposures to a Nitrogen-Oxygen Environment at Increased Ambient Pressure - J. W. Miller and C. J. Lambertsen AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX Underwater Physiology Symposium VLambertsen, C. J. (Ed). Proceedings of the fifth underwater physiology symposium. 1976.Sponsored by the Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, the Undersea Medical Society, U.S. Office of Naval Research, and U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 76-11404 CONTENTS LIST OF AUTHORS AND PANELISTS AcKNOWLEDGMENTS PART I: COMPREHENSIVE STUDIES OF PRESSURE AND DECOMPRESSION Physiological Studies during a Deep, Simulated Oxygen-Helium Dive to 1500 Feet - J. B. Morrison, P. B. Bennett, E. E. P. Barnard and W. J. Eaton Postponing the "High Pressure Nervous Syndrome" to 1640 Feet and Beyond - X. R. Fructus, C. Agarate, R. Naquet and. J. C. Rostain Collaborative Investigation of Limits of Human Tolerance to Pressurization with Helium, Neon and Nitrogen. Simulation of Density Equivalent to Helium-Oxygen Respiration at Depths to 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 Feet of Sea Water - C. J. Lambertsen Discussion - P. B. Bennett, CHAIRMAN PART II: VENTILATION AND GAS EXCHANGE Maximal Work Performance in Hyperbaric Air - D. Linnarsson and L. Fagraeus The Influence of Inert Gases on Intrapulmonary Gas Exchange - G. v. Nieding, H. Krekeler, K. Muysers, U. Smidt and H. Worth Pulmonary Mechanical Functions in Man Breathing Dense Gas Mixtures at High Ambient Pressures-Predictive Studies III - R. E. Peterson and W. B. Wright Respiratory Function during a Simulated Saturation Dive to 51 ATA (500 Meters) with a Helium-Oxygen Mixture - B. Broussolle, J. Chouteau, R. Hyacinthe, J. Le Pechon, H. Burnet, A. Battesti, D. Cresson and G. Imbert Liquid Breathing: Expiratory Flow and CO2 Elimination Using Fluorocarbon and Aqueous Solutions - W. H. Schoenfisch, G. D. Blenkarn, B. A. Hills and J. A. Kylstra Effects of External Resistance on Maximum Expiratory Flow at Increasing Gas Density - J. Vorosmarti, Jr. and E. H. Lanphier Discussion - J. A. Kylstra, CHAIRMAN PART III: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BONE Development of Bone Necrosis Lesions - M. Bonfiglio The Earliest Radiographic Evidence of Dysbaric Osteonecrosis - J. K. Davidson The Etiology and Pathogenesis of Decompression Sickness: Radiographic, Hematologic and Histologic Studies in Swine - P. J. Stegall and K. H. Smith Bone Density Changes and Decompression Sickness - G. M. Adams, G. P. Vose and S. J. Norton A Study of Avascular Bone Necrosis in Sheep - D. B. Coltman and D. N. Walder Involvement of CO2 and Calcium Stores in Decompression Sickness - K. E. Schaefer Strontium Scanning in Caisson Disease of Bone - P. T. Cox and D. N. Walder Gulf Coast Commercial Diver Dysbaric Osteonecrosis Survey - C. J. Fagan and E. L. Beckman Prevention of Osseous Avascular Necrosis in Compressed-Air Workers - A. R. Behnke Discussion - D. N. Walder, CHAIRMAN PART IV: DYSBARISM Pathophysiology of Compression and Decompression - H. V. Hempleman Alterations in Blood Viscosity and Microcirculatory Perfusion in Experimental Dysbarism - C. H. Wells, T. P. Bond and M. M. Guest Elevated Blood Lipids in Human Volunteers after Decompression - A. T. K. Cockett, S. M. Pauley, A. Pilmanis and A. P. Roberts Pressure Studies with Mice up to 270 ATA - M. J. Halsey, D. W. Kent and E. I. Eger II Very Deep Diving Experiments on Miniature Pigs - J. Pare, A. Michaud, J. Le Chuiton, A. Michel, L. Barthelemy and G. Balouet Fundamental Studies in Decompression from Steady-State Exposures - E. E. P. Barnard Decompression Sickness Studies - J. M. Hallenbeck, A. A. Bove and D. H. Elliott Discussion - C. M Hesser, CHAIRMAN PART V: INERT GAS EXCHANGE AND BUBBLE FORMATION Physical Aspects of Bubble Formation in Tissues - G. Karreman The Origin of Intravascular Bubbles Produced by Decompression of Rats Killed Prior to Hyperbaric Exposure - J. Smith-Sivertsen Safe Decompression with the Doppler Ultrasonic Blood Bubble Detector - M. P. Spencer, D. C. Johanson and S. D. Campbell Inert Gas Exchange and Bubble Formation and Resolution in the Eye - S. Kronheim, C. J. Lambertsen, C. Nichols and P. L. Hendricks Bubble Formation Resulting from the Steady Counterdiffusion of Two Inert Gases - J. Idicula, D. J. Graves, J. A. Quinn and C. J. Lambertsen Inner Ear Disorders Resulting from Inadequate Decompression-"Vertigo Bends" - A. A. Buhlmann and H. Gehring Measurement of Uptake and Elimination of Nitrogen in Tissue, In Vivo - K. N. Ackles, D. E. Holness and C. A. Scott Inert Gas Absorption and Elimination Kinetics in Spinal Cord - G. Albano and M. Columba Evidence Against the Metabolic Production of Molecular Nitrogen in Substantial Quantities by Man - J. M. Herron, H. A. Saltzman, B. A. Hills and J. A. Kylstra Discussion - R. C. Bornmann, CHAIRMAN PART VI: HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE Influences of Hydrostatic Pressure on Biological Systems - A. M. Zimmerman and S. Zimmerman Hydrostatic Pressure Tolerance in Liquid-Breathing Mice - C. E. G. Lundgren and H. C. Ornhagen Locomotor Activity and Oxygen Consumption in Shallow and Deep Sea Invertebrates Exposed to High Hydrostatic Pressures and Low Temperature - A. G. Macdonald Pressure Reversal of Nitrous Oxide-Induced Conduction Failure in Peripheral Nerve - S. H. Roth, R. A. Smith and W. D. M. Paton An Oxygen- and Pressure-Sensitive Enzyme: Na-K Adenosinetriphosphatase - S. F. Gottlieb, G. J. Koehler and L. V. G. Rhodes Hydrostatic Pressure and Hemoglobin Oxygenation - J. M. Wells Discussion - E. B. Smith, CHAIRMAN PART VII: OXYGEN Oxygen and Brain Metabolism - J. D. Wood Ventilatory Responses to Hypercapnia and Hypoxia at 1 and 4 ATA - D. Doell, M. Zutter and N. R. Anthonisen Adipose Tissue Blood Flow at High and Low Oxygen Tensions - M. Hansen and J. Madsen The Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygenation on the Metabolism of the Lung - A. P. Sanders, R. S. Gelein and W. D. Currie The Effects of Oxygen on Pulmonary Phospholipid Synthesis - H. Gilder and C. K. McSherry Effects of a Normobaric Hyperoxia on Pulmonary Surfactant in the Rat - B. Broussolle, H. Burnet, R. Ricci, C. Boutier, S. Plouvier, R. Hyacinthe, A. Baret and A. Barranx Prevention by Lithium of Acute Hyperbaric Oxygen Toxicity and Associated Changes in Brain Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Levels - M. W. Radomski, J. Rowe and W. J. Watson Effect of Oxygen at High Pressure on Cellular Ultrastructure and Some Glycolytic and Citric Acid Cycle Enzymes - E. W. Banister, N. M. G. Bhakthan, A. J. Davison and C. Asmundson Discussion - J. D. Wood, CHAIRMAN PART VIII: INERT GASES AND HYDROGEN Pharmacological Effects of Inert Gases and Hydrogen - P. B. Bennett Pharmacological Effects of Helium, Neon, Hydrogen and Nitrous Oxide - D. W. Kent, M. J. Halsey and E. I. Eger II The Changes in Smooth Muscle Receptor Coupling of Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine at High Pressure - T. K. Akers and L. C. Carlson Somatic and Auditory-Evoked Brain Responses in Man Breathing Mixtures of Normoxic Helium, Nitrogen and Neon at Pressures to 37 Atmospheres Absolute - T. D. Langley The Effects on CO2 Reactivity of Breathing Crude Neon, Helium and Nitrogen at High Pressure - R. Gelfand and R. Peterson The Effects of Nitrous Oxide Narcosis on the Physiologic and Psychologic Performance of Man at Rest and during Exercise - M. E. Bradley and J. G. Dickson, Jr. Discussion - H. R. Schreiner, CHAIRMAN PART IX: PERCEPTION, PERFORMANCE, COMMUNICATION Performance, Perception and Communication Underwater - J. A. Adolfson Differential Behavioral Effects of Nitrogen, Helium and Neon at Increased Pressures - J. R. Thomas, J. M. Walsh, A. J. Bachrach and D. R. Thorne Psychomotor Performance of Men in Neon and Helium at 37 Atmospheres - R. W. Hamilton, Jr. The Auditory Sensitivity of Divers at High Pressures - H. Hollien, S. H. Feinstein, H. Rothman and P. Hollien Auditory Changes in Professional Divers - D. Zannini, G. Odaglia and G. Sperati The Role of the Vestibular Apparatus Under Water and at High Pressure - R. S. Kennedy Discussion - A. J. Bachrach, CHAIRMAN PART X :THERMAL BALANCE Thermal Stress in Undersea Activity - P. Webb Respiratory Heat Loss and Pulmonary Function during Cold-Gas Breathing at High Pressures - B. Hoke, D. L. Jackson, J. M. Alexander and E. T. Flynn Thermal Cost of Saturation Diving: Respiratory and Whole Body Heat Loss at 16.1 ATA - T. O. Moore, J. F. Morlock, D. A. Lally and S. K. Hong Energy Balance of Man in Simulated Dive from 1.5 to 31 ATA - P. Varene, J. Timbal, H. Vieillefond, H. Guenard and J. L'Huillier Heat Exchanges between Man and the Water Environment - A. B. Craig, Jr. and M. Dvorak SUBJECT INDEX Underwater Physiology Symposium VIShilling, C. W. and M. W. Beckett (Eds). Proceedings of the sixth underwater physiology symposium. 1978. Bethesda, Maryland.Sponsored by Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, the Undersea Medical Society, U.S. Office of Naval Research, and U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 78-59814 CONTENTS LIST OF AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PART 1: DISRUPTION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM AND PERFORMANCE AT INCREASED PRESSURE HPNS: A Clinical Study of 30 Cases - X. Fructus and J. C. Rostain Human Neurophysiological Data Obtained from Two Simulated Heliox Dives to a Depth of 610 Meters - J. C. Rostain and R. Naquet Spinal Reflex Activity in Man Under Hyperbaric Heliox Conditions (31 and 62 ATA) - J. P. Roll, M. Lacour, M. Hugon and M. Bonnet Human Vestibulospinal Reactivity in Hyperbaric Heliox Environments (31 and 62 ATA) - M. Lacour, J. P. Roll, M. Bonnet and M. Hugon Effects of Temperature on the High Pressure Nervous Syndrome in Rats - J. A. Cromer, W. L. Hunter, Jr. and P. B. Bennett Role of Monoamine Neurotransmitters in the Compression-Rate Dependence of HPNS Convulsions - R. W. Brauer, R. W. Beaver and M. E. Sheehan Influence of Increased Nitrogen Tensions on Properties of Identified Neurons in Aplysia californica - J. E. Blankenship, R. Feinstein and B. Butler Behavioral Evaluation of Pharmacological Agents in Hyperbaric Air and Helium-Oxygen J. R. Thomas and J. M. Walsh Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Experimental Gas Embolism - Barbro Johansson Part I Discussion - R. Naquet, CHAIRMAN PART II: EVOLUTION OF LOW TEMPERATURE DIVING Energy Balance of Divers at Work in Helium-Oxygen Atmospheres - P. Varene, H. Vieillefond, J. Timbal, H. Guenard, C. Boutelier and C. Lemaire Physiological Functions During a 10-Day Heliox Saturation Dive to 7 ATA - H. Nakayama, M. Matsuda, A. Itoh, N. Kirigaya, F. K. Kurata, R. H. Strauss, J. R. Claybaugh and S. K. Hong Calorimetric Analysis of Cold Exposure in Diving - Paul Webb Physiological Responses of Men Working in 25.5*C Water, Breathing Air or Helium Tri-Mix (Abstract only) - P. F. Hoar, L. W. Raymond, H. C. Langworthy, R. E. Johnsonbaugh and J. Sode Comparisons of Metabolic, Thermal, and Cardiovascular Responses of Acclimated and Unacclimated Navy Divers - B. Clingman and E. Evonuk Steady-State Model of Lockout Submersible and Crew Thermal Requirements - L. A. Kuehn, T.J. Smith and D. G. Bell Part II Discussion - S. K. Hong, CHAIRMAN PART III: RESPIRATORY-PULMONARY COMPETENCE AT HIGH AMBIENT PRESSURES IN ATMOSPHERE AND WATER, AT REST AND WORK Effect of Hyperbaric Nitrogen on Central Respiratory Response to CO2 - D. Linnarsson and C. M. Hesser Some Cardiopulmonary Responses to Exercise in Man at an Increased Ambient Pressure of Oxygen-Helium - M. M. Winsborough, J. Vorosmarti, Jr. and R. S. McKenzie Cardiorespiratory Function During Arm Exercise In Water at 500 and 600 Feet - L. Fagraeus and P. B. Bennett Physiological Studies of Divers Working at Depths to 99 fsw in the Open Sea - J. Dwyer and A. A. Pilmanis Investigation of a New Breathing Liquid - W. H. Matthews and J. A. Kylstra Part III Discussion - C. M. Hesser, CHAIRMAN PART IV: TOXICITY OF RESPIRATORY GASES Pulmonary Function During Shallow Habitat Air Dives (SHAD I, II, III) - J. H. Dougherty, Jr., R. L. Frayre, D. A. Miller and K. E. Schaefer Some Cardiorespiratory Effects of Oxygen Toxicity - S. M. Gosovic and A. I. Radovic Effect of High-Pressure Oxygen on Cellular Fine Structure, Ammonia and Glutamate Metabolism. Influence of Lithium Pretreatment - E. W. Banister, N. M. G. Bhakthan, N. Radhakrishnan and A. K. Singh Consumption Coagulopathy Induction by Hyperbaric Oxygen and Enhancement by Lead Acetate - L. A. Kiesow, S. Shapiro, B. F. Lindsley and J. W. Bless Physical Performance of Mouse Colonies as a Measure of Inert Gas Narcosis, Oxygen Toxicity, and the Chouteau Effect - M. A. Rokitka and H. Rahn Part IV Discussion - P. B. Bennett, CHAIRMAN PART V: CELLULAR AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE Effects of Short- and Long-Term Hyperbaric Helium-Oxygen Exposures on Growth and Tissue Water, Lipids, and Proteins - T. K. Akers, B. K. Ross, D. Crittenden, M. J. Mason, G. Kosel and R. E. Thompson Effect of Hyperbaric Helium on Anesthetic Action of Thiopental - R. E. Tobey, L. E. McCracken, A. Small and L. D. Homer Hydrostatic Pressure Effects on Tadpole Tail Muscle - Yoshihiro Mano Inert Gas Reversal of Hydrostatic Pressure Effects on Dividing Cells - A. G. Macdonald Part V Discussion - C. E. G. Lundgren, CHAIRMAN PART VI: DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF BONE NECROSIS Aseptic Bone Necrosis In Japanese Navy Divers - H. Ohiwa and A. Itoh Experimental Dysbaric Osteonecrosis: Factors lnfluencing Incidence and Latency - C. P. Chryssanthou Influence of Inadequate Decompression on Pathogenesis of Osteonecrosis - P. J. Stegall, T. W. Huang and K. H. Smith Part VI Discussion - D. N. Walder, CHAIRMAN PART VII: INERT GAS TRANSPORT: REDUCTION OF DECOMPRESSION TIME Effect of Immersion and Ambient Temperature on Elimination of (133)Xenon from Human Adipose Tissue - U. I. Balldin Multiple Inert Gas Transport Patterns - G. F. Bond, F. L. Fishback, M. W. Lippitt and R. D. Woodson Deep Tissue Isobaric Inert Gas Exchange: Predictions During Normoxic Helium, Neon and Nitrogen Breathing at 1200 fsw - C. A. Harvey and C. J. Lambertsen Development and Operational Validation of Accelerated Decompression Tables - W. P. Fife, M. J. Mezzino and R. Naylor Theory and Development of Subsaturation Decompression Procedures for Depths in Excess of 400 Feet - P. B. Bennett, R. D. Vann, J. Roby and D. Youngblood Development and Testing of Heliox Dives in Excess of 100 Meters - P. Cabarrou. K. G. Muller, H. D. Fust, H. Oser, H. Krekeler and U. Finkeldey Short-Duration Dives to 1000 fsw Using Both Rapid Compression and Saturation-Excursion Decompression - R. W. Hamilton, Jr. and D. J. Kenyon Part VII Discussion - H. R. Schreiner, CHAIRMAN PART VIII: PROGRESS IN SATURATION AND EXCURSION DIVING Review of Vertical Excursion Diving Under Saturated Conditions - James W. Miller Shallow Habitat Air Diving with Excursions Between 5 and 250 fswg: A Review of Four Simulated Dives - G. Adams, R. Williamson, C. Harvey, R. Murray and R. Hester Further Studies in Decompression From Steady-State Exposure to 250 Meters - J. Vorosmarti. Jr., R. de G. Hanson and E. E. P. Barnard Part VIII Discussion - G. F. Bond, CHAIRMAN PART IX: DETECTION, GROWTH, AND RESOLUTION OF BUBBLES Role of Bubble Growth Kinetics in Decompression - E. N. Lightfoot, A. Baz, E. H. Lanphier, E. P. Kindwall and A. Seireg Gas Nucleation in Gelation - T. K. Kunkle and D. E. Yount Natural Uranium and Decompression Sickness - A. Evans and D. N. Walder Use of Exotic Gases for the Study of Decompression Sickness - S. Daniels, W. D. M. Paton and E. B. Smith Decompression Sickness in Rats and Mice Rapidly Decompressed After Breathing Various Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide - T. E. Berghage, L. J. Keating and J. M. Wooley Relationship Between Precordial Doppler Ultrasound Records and Decompression Sickness - Ichiro Nashimoto and Yoshiyuki Gotoh Ultrasound Monitoring and Decompression Sickness - M. R. Powell and D. C. Johanson Decompression and Isobaric Supersaturation in Fluid-Breathing Vertebrates: Timed Response via Bioassay, Hematology, and Ultrasonic Bubble Detection - D. L. Beyer, B. G. D 'Aoust, L. S. Smith and E. Casillas Part IX Discussion - E. B. Smith, CHAIRMAN PART X: DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS AND THERAPY Clinical and Radiological Features of 88 Cases of Decompression Barotrauma - D. H. Elliott, J. A. B. Harrison and E. E. P. Barnard Decompression Sickness After Saturation Diving - R. de G. Hanson, J. Vorosmarti, Jr., and E. E. P. Barnard Studies of Decompression Sickness in Japanese Diving Fishermen - K. Hayashi, M. Kitano, M. Kawashima, T. Torisu and S. Matsuoka Studies of the Hemostatic System of Professional Divers After Short-Term High Pressure Exposures in a Diving Simulator - H. Beeser, H. Oser, H. Nass and S. Kessler Certain Coagulation Factors in Nontraumatic Decompression, and Preventive Action of Medication on Decompression Sickness in the Dog - B. Gardette, F. Sicardi and X. Fructus Effects of Indomethacin on Plasma Volume Loss in Experimental Dysbarism - C. H. Wells, J. G. Hilton and A. Rosenbaum Blood Flow Studies During Spinal-Cord-Damaging Decompression Sickness in Dogs - J. M. Hallenbeck and Louis Sokoloff Experimental Cerebral Air Embolism and Its Resolution - D. C. Grulke and B. A. Hills Fine Structure of Decompression Sickness - R. A. Bennet Part X Discussion - R. C. Bornmann, CHAIRMAN Underwater Physiology Symposium VIIBachrach, A. J., M. M. Matzen (Eds). Proceedings of the seventh underwater physiology symposium. 1981. Bethesda, Maryland.Sponsored by The University of Pennsylvania, The Undersea Medical Society, Inc., The U.S. Office of Naval Research, and The U. S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 81-51676 CONTENTS LIST OF AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PART I: OXYGEN TOXICITY Current Concepts of Oxygen Toxicity - J. M. Clark Mechanism(s) of Central Oxygen Toxicity: A Re-Evaluation - M. D. Faiman, R. J. Nolan, D. E. Dodd, J. M. Waechter, R. C. Dirks, K. Baya, and J. A. Zempel The Central Role of Ammonia in OHP-Induced Convulsions - E. W. Banister and A. K. Singh Changes in Cell Volume Following Hyperbaric Exposure: A Manifestation of Oxygen Toxicity - J. Pooley and D. N. Walder Lung ATP Turnover During Oxidant Stress - A. B. Fisher and D. J. P. Bassett Protection From Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity by Treatment with Low Doses of Bacterial Endotoxin - L. Frank, M-J. Chiang, and D. Massaro Development of Alterations in Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity After Deep Saturation Dive with High Oxygen Level During Decompression - R. Hyacinthe, P. Giry, and B. Broussolle Part I. Discussion: Oxygen Toxicity - A. B. Fisher, RAPPORTEUR Comparative Effects of Various Protective Agents Upon Acute Cerebral Hyperbaric Oxygen Toxicity in Mice: Particular Interest of Some Benzodiazepines - F. Brue, P. Joanny, A. Chaumont, J. Corriol, and B. Broussolle Effect of Excessive Oxygen upon the Capability of the Lungs to Filter Gas Emboli - B. D. Butler and B. A. Hills SEM Observations of Oxygen Toxicity in Guinea Pigs Exposed to Continuous 100, 85, and 75% O2 at 1 Atm - A. E. McKee, M. E. Bradley, L. P. Watson, and J. I. Brady The Influence of Inert Gas Concentration on Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity - M. R. Powell and H. D. Fust Brain GABA and Cyclic GMP as Indices of Metabolic Lesions in CNS Oxygen Toxicity - M. W. Radomski and W. J. Watson Pulmonary Prostaglandin Metabolism During Normobaric Hyperoxia - C. L. Schatte and M. M. Mathias PART II: CARDIORESPIRATORY RESPONSES TO EXERCISE CARDIORESPIRATORY EFFECTS Current Concepts of Dyspnea and Ventilatory Limitations to Exercise at Depth - L. Fagraeus Exercise Metabolism in Humans on Acute Exposure to 5.8 Bars Normoxic Oxyhelium - R. de G. Hanson, R. M. Gray, M. M. Winsborough, R. S. McKenzie, and K. G. M. M. Alberti Comparison of Metabolic Responses and Growth Hormone Release During Submaximal Exercise in Man Breathing Heliox or Air at Normal Barometric Pressure - J. Raynaud, P. Varene, and J. Durand Effects of Exercise and Hyperbaric Air on Ventilation and Central Inspiratory Activity - C. M. Hesser and F. Lind Exercise at 47 and 66 ATA - J. V. Salzano, B. W. Stolp, R. E. Moon, and E. M. Camporesi Carbon Dioxide Retention with Underwater Work in the Open Ocean - J. W. Macdonald and A. A. Pilmanis Cardiopulmonary Functions and Maximal Aerobic Power During a 14-Day Saturation Dive at 31 ATA (SEADRAGON IV) - Y. Ohta, H. Arita, H. Nakayama, S. Tamaya, C. E. G. Lundgren, Y. C. Lin, R. M. Smith, R. Morin, L. E. Farhi, and M. Matsuda PART II. Discussion: Cardiorespiratory Responses to Exercise - A. A. Bove, RAPPORTEUR Inertance as a Factor in Uneven Ventilation in Diving - J. R. Clarke, M. A. Fisher, and M. J. Jaeger The Arrhythmogenic Potency of Hydrostatic Pressure on Cardiac Conduction - T. J. Doubt and P. M. Hogan Effects of Alcohol on the Cardiovascular Adjustments of the Diving Reflex in Man - L. E. Wittmers, Jr., L. Fairbanks, S. Burgstahler, and R. S. Pozos Pulmonary Function in Divers - M. Cimsit and V. Flook Frequency and Regulation of Heart Rate During Open-Sea Saturation Diving - S. M. Gosovic and A. I. Radovic Influence of the Inspiratory Effort and Swallowing on the Cardiovascular Response to Simulated Diving and Breath-Holding - T. F. Huang and C. T. Peng Ventilation, Pattern of Breathing, and Activity of Respiratory Muscles in Awake Cats During Oxygen-Helium Simulated Dives (1000 msw) - G. Imbert, Y. Jammes, N. Naraki, J. C. Duflot, and C. Grimaud Physiological Responses to Immersion at 31 ATA (SEADRAGON IV) - M. Matsuda, S. K. Hong, H. Nakayama, H. Arita, Y. C. Lin, J. R. Claybaugh, R. M. Smith, and C. E. G. Lundgren Effect of Water Temperature and Vital Capacity in Head-Out Immersion - D. I. Kurss, C. E. G. Lundgren, and A. J. Pasche PART III: HIGH PRESSURE NERVOUS SYNDROME: PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE AND HIGH PRESSURE NERVOUS SYNDROME A View of Some Fundaments of the High Pressure Nervous Syndrome - J. M. Hallenbeck Effects of General Anesthetics on Postsynaptic Responses - H. J. Little, S. E. Austen, and W. D. M. Paton Pharmacological Investigation of the High Pressure Neurological Syndrome: Brain Monoamine Concentrations - S. Daniels, A. R. Green, D. D. Koblin, R. G. Lister, H. J. Little, W. D. M. Paton, F. Bowser Riley, S. G. Shaw, and E. B. Smith Prevention of HPNS: The Possible Use of Structural Isomers of Anesthetics - B. Wardley-Smith and M. J. Halsey Prevention of HPNS in Man by Rapid Compression with Trimix to 2132 Ft (650 m) - P. B. Bennett, R. Coggin, J. Roby, and J. N. Miller The Effect of High Pressure on Cooperative Lipid-Protein Interactions - H-J. Galla and J. R. Trudell Currents in a Voltage Clamped Vertebrate Neuron at Hyperbaric Pressure - J. J. Kendig Differential Effects of Pressure on the Mammalian Central Nervous System - P. G. Kaufmann, P. B. Bennett, and J. C. Farmer, Jr. Somatic Evoked Potentials and Reflexes in Monkey During Saturation Dives in Dry Chamber - M. Hugon, L. Fagni, J. C. Rostain, and K. Seki The HPNS as a Composite Entity-Consequences of an Analysis of the Convulsion Stage - R. W. Brauer, W. M. Mansfield, Jr., R. W. Beaver, and H. W. Gillen PART III. Discussion: High Pressure Nervous Syndrome - D. B. Millar, RAPPORTEUR A Theory of Inert Gas Narcosis Effects on Performance - B. Fowler and S. Granger Assessment of the High Pressure Neurological Syndrome (HPNS): A New Method of Measuring Tremor in an Animal Model - J. A. Baker, M. J. Halsey, B. Wardley-Smith, and R. T. Wloch A Genetic Analysis of Susceptibility to the HPNS Type I Seizure in Mice - R. D. McCall and D. Frierson, Jr. Criteria Analysis of Selection for Deep Diving: EEG and Performance - J. C. Rostain, C. Lemaire, M. C. Gardette-Chauffour, J. Doucet, and R. Naquet PART IV: OXYGEN SUFFICIENCY AND UTILIZATION WITHIN THE CELL Current Concepts of Oxygen Sufficiency and Utilization Within the Cell - F. F. Jobsis Applications of Aortic Body and Carotid Body Chemoreceptors as Internal Probes to Monitor Tissue Oxygenation - S. Lahiri Heterogeneity of Capillary Distribution and Capillary Circulation in Mammalian Skeletal Muscles - E. M. Renkin, S. D. Gray, L. R. Dodd, and B. D. Lia Retinal Oximetry with Hypercapnia and Hyperbaric Oxygen - F. G. Hempel, S. R. Burns, and H. A. Saltzman A Mechanism for the Beneficial Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen on Staphylococcal Osteomyelitis - J. T. Mader and G. L. Brow PART IV. Discussion: Oxygen Sufficiency and Utilization Within the Cell - F. G. Hempel and F. F. Jobsis, RAPPORTEURS PART V: METABOLISM AND THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY Current Concepts of Metabolism and Thermophysiology - P. Webb An Analysis of Heat Stress Under Hyperbaric Conditions - K. R. Bondi Contribution of Metabolic and Respiratory Heat to Core Temperature Gain After Cold Water Immersion - M. L. Conn, P. A. Hayes, and J. B. Morrison Metabolic and Thermal Status of Divers During Simulated Dives to 55 Bars - M. P. Garrard, P. A. Hayes, R. F. Carlyle, and M. J. Stock PART V. Discussion: Metabolism and Thermal Physiology - G. Egstrom, RAPPORTEUR Energy and Body Fluid Balance During a 14.Day Dry Saturation Dive to 31 ATA (SEADRAGON IV) - H. Nakayama, S. K. Hong, J. R. Claybaugh, N. Matsui, Y. S. Park, Y. Ohta, K. Shiraki. and M. Matsuda A Computer Model Designed to Make Rapid Predictions of Diver Temperature Changes - S. Wilcock and V. Flook PART VI: MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR EFFECTS OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE Molecular and Cellular Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure: A Physiologist's Veiw - A. G. Macdonald Effects of Hyperbaric Conditions on the Multiplication of Echo 11 and Herpes Simplex (Type 1 and Type 2) Viruses in Tissue Culture - C. Chastel, L. Barthelemy, and A. Belaud Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Active Transport, Metabolism, and the Donnan Equilibrium in Human Erythrocytes - J. M. Goldinger, B. S. Kang. R. A. Morin, C. V. Paganelli, and S. K. Hong Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressures on Na+ Transports Across Isolated Gill Epithelium of Sea Water-Acclimated Eels Anguilla anguilla - A. J. R. Pequeux A Quantitative Description of Pressure-Induced Alterations in Ionic Channels of the Squid Giant Axon - B. B. Shrivastav, J. L. Parmentier, and P. B. Bennett Transient Versus Steady-State Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure - K. T. Wann, A. G. Macdonald, A. A. Harper. and M. L. J. Ashford The Effects of High Pressures of Inert Gases on Cholinergic Receptor Binding and Function - J. F. Sauter. L. Braswell, P. Wankowicz, and K. W. Miller PART VI. Discussion: Molecular and Cellular Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure - A. G. Macdonald, RAPPORTEUR A Study of the Specific Action of "Per Se" Hydrostatic Pressure on Fish Considered as a Physiological Model - L. Barthelemy, A. Belaud. and A. Saliou Osmotic Fragility of Erythrocytes: Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure and Pentanol - A. C. Hall and A. G. Macdonald A Mathematical Analysis of High Pressure and Anesthetic Effects - M. J. Halsey. A. F. Mott. C. C. Spicer, and B. Wardley-Smith Contrasting Actions of Hydrostatic Pressure and Helium Pressure on Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae - S. R. Thom and R. E. Marquis Effects of Different Normoxic Hyperbaric Exposures on Glucose, Lactate, and Glycogen Brain Concentrations - T. Obrenovitch and F. Brue PART VII: INERT GAS EXCHANGE AND DECOMPRESSION Current Concepts of Inert Gas Exchange and Decompression - P. K. Weathersby and L. D. Homer Species Independent Maximum No-Bubble Pressure Reduction from Saturation Dive - Y. C. Lin Determination of Safe Tissue Tension Values During the Surface Interval in Surface Decompression Schedules for Helium-Oxygen Dives - P. O. Edel Assessment of Decompression Profiles and Divers by Doppler Ultrasonic Monitoring - R. Y. Nishi, K. E. Kisman, B. C. Eatock. I. P. Buckingham, and G. Masurel Monitoring Bubble Formation with an Integrating Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Method - S. Daniels, J. M. Davies. K. C. Eastaugh. W. D. M. Paton, and E. B. Smith Migration of Lung Surfactant to Pulmonary Air Emboli - B. A. Hills and B. D. Butler Amelioration of Decompression Sickness by Combined Amphetamine-Cyproheptadine Treatment - C. Chryssanthou, L. Rodriguez, and P. Branden PART VII. Discussion: Inert Gas Exchange and Decompression K. D. Reimann, RAPPORTEUR Study on Definition of Maximum Permissible Gas Flow in Lungs During Decompression - J. Pare, M. Monti, and J. Le Chuiton Evaluation of Decompression Tables by a Model Describing Bubble Dynamics in Tissue - S. Meisel, Y. Talmon, and D. Kerem Computer Simulation of Diffusive Gas Mixing in the Lung at 10 ATA - H. D. Van Liew Some Recent Experiments on Bubble Formation in Supersaturated Gelatin - D. E. Yount, C. M. Yeung, and T. D. Kunkle PART VIII: HEALTH HAZARDS The first eight papers and the discussion thereof were presented at the European Undersea Biomedical Society Meetings in conjunction with the Seventh Symposium on Underwater Physiology Inner Ear Injuries in Diving-Differential Diagnosis of Inner Ear Decompression Sickness and Inner Ear Barotrauma - J. C. Farmer, Jr. Mechanisms of Aural Barotrauma - J. M. Miller, A. Axelsson, D. McPherson, and W. Potter Water-Borne Microbial Pathogens: Potential Human Health Hazards in Marine Environments - O. P. Daily, S. W. Joseph, J. D. Gillmore, R. J. Seidler, D. A. Allen, and R. R. Colwell Management of Health Hazards Associated with the Salvage of Toxic Chemicals Using a Saturation Diving Technique - A. Marroni, J. Gething. and D. Zannini The Present Status of Bone Necrosis Research - D. N. Walder Abnormal Bone and Cartilage Collagen Metabolism in Experimentally Induced Dysbaric Osteonecrosis - D. Brickley-Parsons and M. E. Bradley A Detailed Histological and Radiological Controlled Study of Selected Bones from Divers - C. R. Weatherley, W. M. Park, M. Haddaway, and I. Calder The Efficacy of Spinal Anesthesia at High Pressure - H. F. Nicodemus, H. McElroy, and R. Levy PART VIII. Discussion: Health Hazards - D. H. Elliott, RAPPORTEUR Microbiological Studies on Acute Otitis Externa in Saturation Divers - S. R. Alcock An Epidemiological Study of Fatal Diving Accidents in Two Commercial Diving Populations - M. E. Bradley Decompression Sickness in a Commercial Diving Population - M. Cross and L. Booth An Evaluation of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Techniques for Use in a Diving Bell - R. Myers and M. E. Bradley AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX Underwater Physiology Symposium VIIIBachrach, A. J., M. M. Matzen. (Eds). Proceedings of the eighth underwater physiology symposium. 15-19 June 1983. St. Jovite, Quebec, Canada.Sponsored by The University of Pennsylvania, The Undersea Medical Society, Inc., The U.S. Office of Naval Research, and The U. S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ISSN Number 0082-0997, copyright UHMS 1984. CONTENTS LIST OF AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PART I: OXYGEN TOXICITY Pathologic Correlates of Oxygen Toxicity - J. D. Balentine, C. J. Detrisac, W. J. Streit, and W. B. Greene CNS Oxygen Toxicity in Closed-Circuit Scuba Divers - F. K. Butler, Jr., and E. D. Thalmann Effects of Inspired Oxygen Pressure on the Nature and Degree of Oxygen Tolerance Modification - J. M. Clark and C. J. Lambertsen Serum Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Activity in Dogs and Man Exposed to Increased Levels of Oxygen - A. L. Harabin, R. G. Eckenhoff, and M. E. Bradley The Endotoxin-Pretreated, O2-Adapted Rat Model in 2.0 and 4.0 ATA O2 - R. Jackson Alterations in Rat Local Brain and Spinal Cord Glucose Utilization during 30-to 60-Minute Exposure to 2 and 3 ATA O2 and Normoxic N2-O2 at 3 ATA - D. Torbati and C. J. Lambertsen Invited Review: Brain Oxygen Toxicity - A. Mayevsky PART II: INERT GAS EXCHANGE, COUNTERDIFFUSION, AND BUBBLE FORMATION Acclimatization to Decompression Stress - R. G. Eckenhoff and J. S. Hughes Superficial Isobaric Counterdiffusion Gas Lesion Disease: Effects Leading to Mortality - J. Pisarello, M. Fried, D. G. Fisher, and C. J. Lambertsen Conditions for Heterogeneous Nucleation in the Physiological Environment - P. Tikuisis and W. R. Johnson Microscopic Study of Bubble Formation Nuclei - D. E. Yount, E. W. Gillary, and D. C. Hoffman Decompression Theory: A Dynamic Critical-Volume Hypothesis - D. E. Yount and D. C. Hoffman Micronuclei and Bubble Formation: A Quantitative Study Using the Common Shrimp, Crangon crangon - S. Daniels, K. C. Eastaugh, W. D. M. Paton, and E. B. Smith Invited Review: Inert Gas Exchange, Counterdiffusion, and Bubble Formation - B. G. D'Aoust PART III: DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS, OSTEONECROSIS, AND OTHER DIVE-RELATED DISORDERS Scuba Disease Revisited(?) - M. E. Bradley and R. C. Bornmann An Actual Approach to Prevent Decompression Sickness in Compressed Air Workers - Y. Mano, M. Shibayama, A. lshiyama, S. Takahashi, and H. Maeda Decompression Sickness in Sheep: Fatal Chokes after 24-Hour Dives with Altitude Provocation - C. E. Lehner, J. A. Will, E. N. Lightfoot, and E. H. Lanphier Bubble-Induced Local Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients as a Possible Cause of Dysbaric Osteonecrosis - W. D. Fraser, C. A. Ward, and W. R. Johnson Inner Ear Decompression Sickness in the Squirrel Monkey: Observations, Interpretations, and Mechanisms - J. P. Landolt, K. E. Money, M. W. Radomski, R. G. Riusech, P. C. Odell, and W. J. Watson A Retrospective Evaluation of Oxygen Recompression Procedures within the U.S. Navy - C. G. Gray The Effect of Presaturation on the Maximum Submarine Escape Depth of Goats and the Implications for Human Research - P. Y. Bell, D. W. Burgess, M. Summerfield, and E. J. Towse Recent Experiments Using Ultrasonic Imaging to Monitor Bubble Formation in Divers - S. Daniels, J. M. Davies, W. D. M. Paton, and E. B. Smith Experimental Attempts to Influence the Bubble Threshold from Saturation Dives in Animals - Y. C. Lin, G. W. Mack, D. K. Watanabe, and K. K. Shida Invited Review: Decompression Sickness, Barotrauma, and Osteonecrosis - R. R. Pearson PART IV: CIRCULATORY AND HEMATOLOGIC EFFECTS OF HYPERBARIC EXPOSURE Studies of Complement and Acute Phase Reactant Proteins in the Blood of Diver Trainees Exposed to Progressively Deeper Air Dives - M. R. Cross, E. Brown, and L. Booth Electrocardiographic Changes in Normal and Cardiomyopathic Hamsters Exposed to Hyperbaric Oxygen - T. J. Doubt and D. C. Legrys Cardiac Output Adjustment to Sudden Immersion Determined by Impedance Cardiography - Z. Hajduczok, D. D. Hickey, and C. E. G. Lundgren Red Cell Morphological and Hematological Studies in Men during and after a 6-m Nitrox Chamber Dive - J. A. Paciorek, H. Ornhagen, O. Eiken, and M. Liner The Effect of B1 Blockade on the Distribution of Cardiac Output at Normal and Increased Ambient Pressure in Conscious Rats - J. Risberg, C. Hordnes, and I. Tyssebotn P-50 in Divers Decompressing from 650 msw - B. W. Stolp, R. E. Moon, J. V. Salzano, and E. M. Camporesi Recurrent Pulmonary Edema in Scuba Divers; Prodrome of Hypertension: A New Syndrome - P. T. Wilmshurst, M. Nuri, A. Crowther, J. C. Betts, and M. M. Webb-Peploe PART V: THERMAL EFFECTS OF THE HYPERBARIC ENVIRONMENT Shivering Threshold in Man - G. Bolstad, A. O. Brubakk, A. Pasche, and B. Holand Metabolic Rate of Divers in a Simulated "Lost Bell" Survival Test - J. Magnusson, I. Holmer, S. Elnas and R. W. Hamilton The Importance of Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Thermoreception to Thermogenic Response in the Human - I. B. Mekjavic and J. B. Morrison Status of Cold Acclimatization in Contemporary Korean Women Divers Wearing Wet Suits - Y. S. Park, D. W. Rennie, and S. K. Hong Cold Exposure in Heliox Environment at 16 Bars for 24 Hours - S. Tonjum, A. Pasche, J. Onarheim, P. Hayes, and H. Padbury Impaired Performance from Prolonged Mild Body Cooling - P. Webb Predicted Survivability of "Lost Bell" Accidents under Various Conditions - E. H. Wissler Invited Review: Thermal Effects of the Hyperbaric Environment - L. A. Kuehn PART VI - INTERACTIONS OF VENTILATORY CONTROL, HYPEROXIA, AND INCREASED GAS DENSITY AT HIGH AMBIENT PRESSURES Relationship between Ventilation Pattern and Ventilatory Requirement in Cats at Depths Deeper than 750 msw - H. Burnet, N. Naraki, and G. Imbert The Correction of Hypoventilation by High-Frequency Oscillation (HFO) - JR. Clarke, D. Kerem, E. T. Flynn, and M. E. Bradley Training to Breathe against Added External Resistances at Atmospheric Pressure - P. B. L. Giry, R. Hyacinthe, A. Battesti, and B. Broussolle Enhancement of Maximal Voluntary Ventilation and Expiratory Flow at Depth by Exercise - D. D. Hickey, C. E. G. Lundgren, and A. J. Pasche Oxygen Consumption in Cats during Simulated Dives and Its Relation to Muscular Activity - G. Imbert, N. Naraki, L. Fagni, and H. Burnet Ventilatory Response to CO2 Elevation and Submerged Exercise at 1 ATA in Novice Divers - D. Kerem, A. Ariel, E. Eilender, and Y. Melamed Mixing of Inspirate in the Lung while Breathing Dense Gases, Aerosols, or Liquids - H. D. Van Liew and G. L. Peer Invited Review: Concepts of Ventilatory and Respiratory Gas Homeostasis in Simulated Undersea Exposure - R. Gelfand PART VII: MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR EFFECTS OF PRESSURE The Effect of Pressure on the Cell Membrane Changes Induced by Some Calcium Blockers - T. K. Akers, M. Ereth. and P. M. Rowles v-Aminobutyric Acid Transmission and the High Pressure Neurological Syndrome - A. R. Bichard and H. J. Little An Evaluation of Mephenesin and Related Drugs in Controlling the Effects of High Pressure on Animals - F. Bowser-Riley, N. M. Lashbrook. W D. M. Paton. and E. B. Smith Alterations in Protein Metabolism in Man during Dives to a Maximum of 660 msw and Observations upon Associated Disturbances of Liver Function, Muscle Function, and Thyroid Hormone Metabolism - G. R. Doran and M. P. Garrard Subfertility in Mice Caused by Exposure to 50 ATA Heliox: Towards a Mechanism - C. Dore, M. Halsey, S. Monk, S. Rastan, and B. Wardley-Smith Time-Dependent Effects of Pressure and Temperature on an Integrative Axon - Y. Grossman and J. J. Kendig Effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure on Sodium Transport across the Toad Skin - S. K. Hong, M. E. Duffey, J. M. Goldinger, D. Sambor, and M. Nygogosyan Effects of Sodium Valproate on HPNS in Rats: The Probable Role of GABA - J. C. Rostain, B. Wardley-Smith, and M. J. Halsey Hyperbaric Pressure Effects on the Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor - R. F. Taylor Neurochemical Basis for the High Pressure Neurological Syndrome: Are Cholinergic Mechanisms Involved? - B. Wardley-Smith, A. Angel, M. J. Halsey, and J. C. Rostain Invited Review: Molecular and Cellular Effects of Pressure: The Current Emphasis - M. J. Halsey PART VIII: BEHAVIORAL AND NEUROLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HYPERBARIC CONDITIONS Effects of Different He-N2-O2 Breathing Mixtures on HPNS at 45 Bars - J. C. Rostain and C. Lemaire Considerations Regarding the Need for, and Approaches to, the Study of Residual Effects of Exposure to Deep Diving Environments - R. W. Brauer and W. M. Hinson Evolution of HPNS in 16 Divers Breathing He-N2-O2 during Long Stays at 45 Bars - J. C. Rostain. C. Lemaire, M. C. Gardette-Chauffour. and R. Naquet NEREIDE I: Air Saturation Dive to 15 Metres (49 ft) with Excursions to 42 (138 ft), 60 (199 ft), and 75 Metres (246 ft) - B. Gardette. F. Martin-Chave, Ph. Cavenel, X. Fructus Working in Water at 500 msw Breathing Heliox: An Analysis of Diver Performance as a Function of HPNS and Body Temperature - R. Vaernes. A. Pasche, S. Tonjum, and R. Peterson Deep Diving: Trimix and Heliox Compared by EEG and Tremor Criteria - Z. Torok Neuropsychologic Sequelae of a Deep-Saturation Dive: A Three-Year Follow-up - B. Becker Nisahex: Deep Nitrox Saturation with Nitrox and Trimix Excursions - A Muren, J. Adolfson. H. Ornhagen, M. Gennser, and R. W. Hamilton Alteration of Soleus Electromyogram Silent Period in Man at Pressures up to 70 Bars - D.J. Harris and P. B. Bennett Invited Review: Behavior and Performance in Deep Experimental Diving with Man-A Review of Recent Work - Z. Torok AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX Underwater Physiology Symposium IXBove A. A., A. J. Bachrach, and L. J. Greenbaum, Jr. (Eds). Proceedings of the ninth underwater physiology symposium. 16-20 September 1986. Kobe, JapanSponsored by The Undersea Medical Society, The U.S. Office of Naval Research, The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, The Naval Medical Research and Development Command, The USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, and The University of Pennsylvania ISSN Number 0-930406-11-7, Copyright UHMS 1987. CONTENTS Frontispiece Acknowledgments Preface Foreword Opening remarks SESSION I: BREATH-HOLD DIVING AND NEAR DROWNING Breath-Hold Diving: Alveolar O2 and Blackout - H. Rahn Energy Expenditure by the Diving Ama in Japan - T. Yokoyama Human Imitation of Marine Mammals and Its Clinical Significance - Y-C. Lin Hypercapnic Exercise: A Screening Tool for Extreme Ventilatory Responses in Divers: A Longitudinal Analysis - Y. I. Daskalovic, E. Eilender, and D. Kerem Physical and Physiologic Adaptations to Breath-Hold Diving in Humans: A Review - S. K. Hong SESSION II: BREATH-HOLD DIVING AND NEAR DROWNING: THERMAL PROBLEMS Heat Exchange in Man During Exercise in Water at a Simulated Depth of 10 M - S. Sagawa. K. Shiraki, H. Yoshino, and N. Kanda Cooling in Cold Water: Predictive Modeling - M. M. Winsborough. D. L. Reeves. and A. J. Bachrach SESSION III: THERMAL PROBLEMS IN DIVING Human Thermal Balance at Rest and Exercise in Water: A Review - D. W. Rennie Cold Acclimation Can be Induced in Humans by Repeated Cold Water Immersion - A. J. Young. S. R. Muza. M. N. Sawka, and K. B. Pandolf Thermal Balance of Wet-Suit Divers During Exercise in Cold Water at 1, 2, and 3 ATA - D. J. Suh, D. S. Yean, H. J. Kim, J. K. Choi, Y. S. Park, Y. H. Park, and S. K. Hong Cutaneous Hemodynamics and Thermoregulation in a Hyperbaric Environment - K. Shiraki, S. Sagawa, and N. Konda Influence of Body Mass, Morphology, and Gender on Thermal Responses During Immersion in Cold Water - K. B. Pandolf, M. M. Toner, W. D. McArdle, J. R. Magel, and M. N. Sawka Undetected Hypothermia: Further Indications - E. H. Padbury, I. Ronnestad, A. Hope, G. Knudsen, E. Myrseth, and R. Varnes SESSION IV: DECOMPRESSION Likelihood Analysis of Decompression Data Using Haldane and Bubble Growth Models - R. D. Vann Analysis of Doppler Ultrasonic Data for the Evaluation of Dive Profiles - B. C. Eatock and R Y. Nishi Accelerated Onset of Decompression Sickness in Sheep After Short, Deep Dives - C. E. Lehner, D. J. Hei, M. Palta, E. N. Lightfoot, and E. H. Lanphier Development of Saturation Decompression Procedures for Nitrogen-Oxygen and Air Habitat Diving Operations - R. E. Peterson and R. W. Hamilton Procedures for Trimix Scuba Dives Between 70 and 100 M: A Study on the Coral Gatherers of the Mediterranean Sea - D. Zannini and L. Magno Late Manifestation of Spinal Cord Lesions in Decompression Sickness: Histopathologic Analysis of an Autopsy case - M. Kitano, K. Hayashi, M. Kawashima, S. Tokufuji, and A. Yamaguchi Auditory and Vestibular Disorders Due to Barotrauma - T. Nakashima, H. Yokoi, M. Ito, Y. Watanabe, M. Sato, and N. Yanagita SESSION V: HYDROSTATIC EFFECTS; SATURATION DIVING; THERMAL PROBLEM IN DIVING Identification of Individuals Susceptible to Decompression Sickness - C. A. Ward, P. K. Weathersby, D. McCullough, and W. D. Fraser Changes in Microcirculation and the Appearance of Bubbles in Large Blood Vessels Due to Decompression Stress - M. Nodera, Y. Gotoh, and I. Nashimoto AB INITIA Simulation of Inert Gas Transport in the Human - M-C. Liou and E. H. Wissler Changes in EEG Topography Induced by Compression with 'Hyperbaric Helium-Oxygen Gas - J. Tatsuno, H. Ohiwa, and K. Ozawa Development of Decompression Procedures for Undersea Habitats: Repetitive No-Stop and One-Stop Excursions, Oxygen Limits, and Surfacing Procedures - R. W. Hamilton, D. J. Kenyon, and R. E. Peterson Computational Model vs. Standard Tables for Decompression in Commercial Diving - W. Sterk Breath-by-Breath Analysis by Mass Spectrometry of Alveolar Inert Gas Exchange in Man at Normobaric Pressure - R. Araki. Y. Gotoh. and I. Nashimoto An Appraisal of Dive Profiles in Sport Diving in Relation to the Risk of Decompression Sickness - K. Kobayashi. Y. Gotoh. and I. Nashimoto The Effect of Long Hyperbaric Exposure on Erythrocyte Metabolic Enzymes in Deep Sea Divers - J. A. Paciorek Pressure-Induced Changes in Blood Cell Rigidity: A Mechanism for Causing Aseptic Bone Necrosis - M. R. Cross and J. K. Pimlott Pulmonary Function During Cold Gas Breathing at Depths to 305 M - J. R. Clarke. M. E. Bradley. and E. T. Flynn SESSION VI: HYDROSTATIC EFFECTS AND SATURATION DIVING First Human Hydrogen Saturation Dive at 450 msw: HYDRA V - B. Gardette, X. Fructus, and H. G. Delauze An Analysis of 14 Successful Trimix 5 Deep Saturation Dives Between 150 and 600 Meters - P. B. Bennett, H. G. Schafstall, W. Schnegelsberg, J. Holthaus, and R. D. Vann Topographic Characteristics of EEG During a Saturation Dive to 31 ATA Helium-Oxygen Environment - S. Matsuoka, S. Okuda, T. Ishikawa, S. Yamamoto, and M. Mori Interaction of Inert Gas Narcosis With the Compression Rate Effect on Development of HPNS Seizures - R. W. Brauer, J. Dutcher, and W. Hinson Development of a New Ambient Pressure Diving Method: Experiments on Rhesus Monkeys Under the High Gas Density Hyperbaric Environment - K. Seki, H. Nakayama, M. Matsuda, and M. Hugon Gas-Phase Diffusion of O2 in Helium and Nitrogen Under Pressure - C. V. Paganelli SESSION VII: RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS Compensations for Flow Limitation While Breathing Dense Gas - H. D. Van Liew Alveolar Gas-Phase Diffusion Limitation in the Hyperbaric Environment - M. P. Hlastala, J. Ohlsson, and H. T. Robertson Effect of Compression to 5, 10, and 30 BAR on the Contractile Activity of Isolated Atrial Preparations From the Rat Heart - J.A. Ask and I. Tyssebotn Breathing Gas Density Influences Myocardial Contractility - G. W. Berge, J. A. Ask, and I. Tyssebotn Fluid Shift During Head-Out Water Immersion in Conscious Dogs - K. Miki, G. Hajduczok, S. K. Hong, and J. A. Krasney Role of Cardiac Nerves in Renal and Circulatory Responses to Head-Out Water Immersion - J. A. Krasney, G. Hajduczok, K. Miki, J. R. Claybaugh, and S. K. Hong Simultaneous Observation in Respiratory and Circulatory Responses in Man After Facial Application of Ice Bag - Y. Honda, Y. Sakakibara, T. Morikawa, Y. Tanaka, and W. Nakamura SESSION VIII: HEALTH AND SAFETY OF DIVERS Dopamine Release in a Helium-Oxygen Hyperbaric Environment - J. C. Rostain and C. Forni Effect of Nitrogen-Based, Fire-Retardant Atmospheres on Visual and Mental Performance - D. R. Knight, S. M. Luria, J. F. Socks, and W. Rogers EEG Changes Correlated to Performance Decrement in Man Breathing Compressed Air - K. Ozawa, H. Ohiwa, J. Tatsuno, and S. Kosugi Ventilatory Parameters Influences on Efficiency of CO2 Scrubbing - S. Radic, P. Denoble, S. Gosovic, and M. Zivkovic Carboxyhemoglobin in Rats Exposed to Carbon Monoxide at 41 ATA - G. Bolstad, A. G. Lindrup, A. O. Brubakk, and S. Martini SESSION IX: PERFORMANCE, NARCOSIS, AND HPNS Neuropsychologic and Neurophysiologic Reactions During a Heliox Dive to 450 msw - R. J. Voernes, H. Klove, and H. Ursin Effect of the Shift from Hydrogen-Helium-Oxygen Mixture to Helium-Oxygen Mixture During a 450 msw Dive - J. C. Rostain, C. Lemaire, M. C. Gardette-Chauffour. and R. Naquet Hydrogen Narcosis, Nitrogen Narcosis, and HPNS: A Performance Study - C. Lemaire Interactions Between Ethanol, Amphetamine, and Inert Gas Narcosis on the Performance of a Memory Scanning Task - B. Fowler, H. Hamilton, and G. Porlier Neurophysiological and Behavioral Correlates of Cold Water Immersion - D. L. Reeves, M. M. Winsborough, and A. J. Bachrach SESSION X: CLINICAL OXYGEN TOXICITY Hyperoxia Increases Hydrogen Peroxide Generation in Rat Brain In Vivo - T. Yusa, B. A. Freeman, and J. D. Crapo Axial Length in Hyperoxic Myopia - B. Anderson, Jr. and D. L. Shelton Role of Oxygen in Dysbaric Osteonecrosis - D. N. Walder and I. Holloway Identification of the Sites of Fluid Leakage into the Air Spaces During Early Stages of Hyperbaric Oxygen Exposure - R. R. Mercer, P. B. Bennett, and K. E. Pinkerton The Pathobiology of Hyperbaric Oxygen: Effects of Temperature on Sensitivity - K. E. Pinkerton, R. R. Mercer, and P. B. Bennett Reexpansion Pulmonary Edema: A Proposed Free Radical Mechanism - R. M. Jackson, C. F. Veal, Jr., J. D. Fulmer, and C. B. Alexander SESSION XI: OXYGEN EFFECT AT TISSUE LEVEL Oxygen and Brain Physiologic Functions: A Review - D. Torbati Ocular Hyperuricosis Induced by Hyperbaric Oxygen - W. J. Ehler, C. H. Bonney, and K.-W. Lam Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity in a Clinical Setting - G. B. Hart and M. B. Strauss Evaluation of a Safety Protocol for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy By Means of the Estimation of Hydroxyl Radical Production - C. Akiba, K. Makino, A. Hyugaji, M. Kono, M. Shibayama, T. Nakayama, N. Doi, N. Takano, and Y. Mano On the Use of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Sudden Deafness After Diving - M. Pilgramm, H. Lenders, G. Frey, and B. Fischer SESSION XII: OXYGEN TOLERANCE IN MAN Definition of Tolerance to Continuous Hyperoxia in Man: An Abstract Report of Predictive Studies V - C. J. Lambertsen, J. M. Clark, R. Gelfand, J. B. Pisarello, W. H. Cobbs, J. E. Bevilacqua, D. M. Schwartz, D. J. Montabana, C. S. Leach, P. C. Johnson, and D. E. Fletcher Pulmonary Tolerance in Man to Continuous Oxygen Exposure at 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, and 1.5 ATA in Predictive Studies V - J. M. Clark, R. Gelfand, N. D. Flores, C. J. Lambertsen, and J. B. Pisarello Effects on Respiratory Homeostasis of Prolonged, Continuous Hyperoxia at 1.5 to 3.0 ATA in Man in Predictive Studies V - R. Gelfand, J. M. Clark, C. J. Lambertsen, and J. B. Pisarello Human Circulatory Responses to Prolonged Hyperbaric Hyperoxia in Predictive Studies V - J. B. Pisarello, J. M. Clark, C. J. Lambertsen, and R. Gelfand THE SUZANNE KRONHEIM MEMORIAL LECTURE, 1986 Wallace Fenn, the Map Maker - H. Rahn SESSION XIII: HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY I Gas Gangrene and Hyperbaric Oxygen: Results and Experiences From 1960 to 1985 - D. J. Bakker Treatment of Gas Gangrene by Hyperbaric Oxygen - H. Tamura, K. Takao, K. Okafuji, K. Uchida, and M. Kawashima Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy of Ischemic Skin Flaps: Clinical and Experimental Study - M. Ueda, T. Kaneda, H. Takahashi, and K. Sakakibara Hyperbaric Oxygenation to Ischemic Ulcers in Combination with Sympathetic Denervation and PGE1 Infusion - H. Urayama, Y. Watanabe, and T. Iwa Effect of Daily Hyperbaric Oxygen (2 ATA) on the Course of Chronic Relapsing Murine Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis - M. R. Powell, V. Kizer, S. Hruby, E. C. Alvord, Jr, and J. Martin Double-Blind, Crossover Study of Hyperbaric Oxygen in Multiple Sclerosis - E. W. Massey, D. L. Shelton, C. W. Erwin, H. Saltzman, P. B. Bennett, and E. M. Camporesi A Controlled Study of Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis - G. Hart, M. J. Rowe III, L. W. Myers, and A. Afifi SESSION XIV: CLINICAL DIVING MEDICINE I Intellectual Impairment With Diving: A Review - C. Edmonds and L. Hayward Effects of Recompression Treatment on EEG in Diving Accidents - A. Sipinen and J. P. Halonen Osteonecrosis of the Long Bone in Diving Fishermen - H. Oiwa, A. Itoh, T. Ikeda, and S. Sakurai Evaluation of Workload for Safety Diving Work - Y. Mano, M. Shibayama, T. Mizuno, and H. Furuhashi Hyperbaric Environment and Auditory Tubal Function: A Study by Valsalva's Method - I. Watanabe and J. Okubo Bronchial Provocation Test in Finer Selection of Sport Scuba Divers - M. Schiavon, R. M. A. Osti, C. Schiraldi, and F. Rusca SESSION XV: HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY II Iatrogenic Air Embolism: A Review of 34 Cases - H. Takahashi, S. Kobayashi, H. Hayase, and K. Sakakibara Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in 72 Eyes With Retinal Arterial Occlusion - Y. Miyake, M. Horiguchi, M. Matsuura, S. Awaya, K. Sakakibara, H. Takahashi, and S. Kobayashi Hyperbaric Oxygen as an Adjunct to Therapeutic Lung Lavage in Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis - E. M. Camporesi and R. E. Moon Early Observations on the Use of Adjunctive Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in the Treatment of Thermal Injury - P. E. Cianci, G. J. Petrone, J. Ross, R. L. Shapiro, H. Lueders, and H. Lee Burns Treated With Adjunctive Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: A Comparative Study in Humans - A. K. C. Niu, C. Yang, H. C. Lee, S. H. Chen, and L. P. Chang Cell Injury After Acute Carbon Monoxide Exposure in the Rat - L. Marzella, S-H. Cho, and R. A. M. Myers SESSION XVI: CLINICAL DIVING MEDICINE II Severe Refractory Decompression Sickness Resulting From Combined No-Decompression Dives and Pulmonary Barotrauma: Type III Decompression Sickness - T. S. Neuman and A. A. Bove Neurologic Sequelae of Decompression Sickness: A Clinical Report - D. F. Gorman, C. W. Edmonds, D. W. Parsons, R. G. Beran, T. A. Anderson, R. D. Green, M. J. Loxton, and T. A. Dillon An Evaluation of Dexamethasone in the Treatment of Acute Experimental Spinal Decompression Sickness - T. J. R. Francis, A. J. Dutka, and J. B. Clark Functional Imaging of the Central Nervous System (CT, MRI, Xenon-Blood Flow) and Use of Evoked Potentials During Therapy of Decompression Sickness and Arterial Gas Embolism - R. E. Moon, E. M. Camporesi, E. W. Massey, C. W. Erwin, and W. G. Djang Latency and Amplitude of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in Normal Subjects Breathing Air and Oxygen at 1 and 2.8 ATA - P. Mitchell, C. W. Erwin, E. M. Camporesi, R. E. Moon, R. Goad, Y. Mebane, B. Stolp, and P. B. Bennett Redistribution of Cerebral Arterial Gas Emboli: A Comparison of Treatment Regimens - D. F. Gorman, D. M. Browning, and D. W. Parsons SESSION XVII: HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY AND DIVING MEDICINE Comprehensive Approach to Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - R. A. M. Myers and S. K. Snyder-White Symbol Digit Modality Test and Carbon Monoxide Encephalopathy - I. B. Gensemer and G. H. Cohn Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in the Treatment of Osteomyelitis - M. Kawashima, H. Tamura, and K. Takao Economic Considerations on the Impact of Adjunctive Hyperbaric Oxygen in Potential Amputees - P. E. Cianci, G. J. Petrone, R. L. Shapiro, J. Ross, H. W. Lueders, H. Lee, and S. Drager Prophylactic Hyperbaric Oxygen for the Prevention of Osteoradionecrosis - R. W. Emery and R. A. M. Myers Adjunctive Use of HBO for Clostridial Myonecrosis in the Newborn - A. T. Powers, I. Jacoby, F. P. Lynch, R. W. Coen, and T. S. Neuman Phycomycotic Gangrenous Cellulitis (Mucormycosis): Case Report and Review - G. H. Cohn Pathohistologic Studies on the Effect of HBO on Multiple Organ Failure - Y. Fujiwara and Y. Nanbo Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease in China - M. Z. Hao, Z. Q. Liu, and C. K. Yu Combination Therapy for the Experimental Tumor With Hyperbaric Oxygenation and Antitumor Antibiotics - H. Sugiyama and K. Kamiyama Hyperbaric Pulmonary Lavage in Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis - D. J. Bakker, H. M. Jansen, W. W. A. Zuurmond, J. J. Schreuder, and C. M. Roos Prediction of Arterial PO2 During Hyperbaric Treatment - R. E. Moon, E. M. Camporesi, and D. L. Shelton Role of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Athletes' Performance: First Evaluations - P. Longobardi, R. Mastroianni, G. Medolla, and F. M. Pallotta Is Bone Necrosis in Diving Painful? - M. R. Cross Volatile Compounds Probably Released From Paint at 46 Bar Helium-Oxygen Atmosphere - K. Jakobsen APPENDIX Constraints and Considerations for Operational Scientific Diving From a Saturation Habitat Using Air and/or Nitrox - W. S. Busch Author List Author Index Subject Index Underwater Physiology Symposium XThe proceedings of the tenth underwater physiology symposium (also known as "The Lambertsen Symposium" or "Oxygen 2002") were published as journal articles in Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Volume 31, Number 1, Spring 2004.ISSN: 15233157 Bitterman, N; Thom, S. The Lambertsen Symposium: Forward. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):1-2. Butler Jr, FK. Closed-circuit oxygen diving in the U.S. Navy. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):3-20. RRR ID: 3986 Vann, RD. Lambertsen and O2: beginnings of operational physiology. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):21-31. RRR ID: 3987 Clark, JM. The Predictive Studies Series: Correlation of physiologic responses to extreme environmental stresses. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):33-51. RRR ID: 3988 Balestra, C; Germonpre, P; Poortmans, J; Marroni, A; Schiettecatte, J; Collard, JF; Snoeck, T. Erythropoietin production can be enhanced by normobaric oxygen breathing in healthy humans. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):53-7. RRR ID: 3989 Balestra, C; Germonpre, P; Snoeck, T; Ezquer, M; Leduc, O; Leduc, A; Willeput, F; Marroni, A; Cali-Corleo, R; Vann, RD. Normobaric oxygen can enhance protein captation by the lymphatic system in healthy humans. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):59-62. RRR ID: 3990 Bitterman, N. CNS oxygen toxicity. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):63-72. RRR ID: 3991 Brubakk, AO. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: oxygen and bubbles. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):73-9. RRR ID: 3992 Thornton, SJ; Hochachka, PW. Oxygen and the diving seal. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):81-95. RRR ID: 6520 Fisher, AB. Reactive oxygen species and cell signaling with lung ischemia. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):97-103. RRR ID: 3993 Lundgren, CEG; Bergoe, GW; Tyssebotn, I. The theory and application of intravascular microbubbles as an ultra-effective means of transporting oxygen and other gases. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):105-6. RRR ID: 3994 Mulkey, DK; Henderson, RA; Ritucci, NA; Putnam, RW; Dean, JB. Chemical oxidants acidify solitary complex (SC) neurons in the rat. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):107-11. RRR ID: 3995 Pardal, R; Lopez-Barneo, J. Combined oxygen and glucose sensing in the carotid body. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):113-21. RRR ID: 3996 Thom, SR. Effects of hyperoxia on neutrophil adhesion. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):123-31. RRR ID: 3997 Feldmeier, JJ. Hyperbaric oxygen for delayed radiation injuries. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):133-45. RRR ID: 3998 Hunt, TK; Aslam, RS. Oxygen 2002: wounds. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):147-53. RRR ID: 3999 Kawashima, M; Tamura, H; Nagayoshi, I; Takao, K; Yoshida, K; Yamaguchi, T. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in orthopedic conditions. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):155-62. RRR ID: 4000 Mitani, M. Brain "implications for HBO2". Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):163-6. RRR ID: 4001 Piantadosi, CA. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):167-77. RRR ID: 4002 Wang, J; Corson, K; Mader, J. Hyperbaric oxygen as adjunctive therapy in Vibrio vulnificus septicemia and cellulitis. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):179-81. RRR ID: 4003 Zanon, V; Garetto, G; Bosco, G. Acupuncture - HBO2 combined therapy in a persistent left hemiface hyperalgesia: a case report. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2004 Spring;31(1):183. RRR ID: 4004 |
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